ABSTRACT
Background: Menstruation is a cyclic physiological phenomenon showing fluctuations of various Gonadal hormones. Gonadal hormones (estrogen and progesterone) influences pain sensitivity, the former strongly influences nociceptive actions; whereas the latter prevents neuropathic pain some previous study has shown changes in pain sensitivity during menstruation. However, there is only little evidence present on effect of Gonadal hormones on experimental pain Sensitivity. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the present study is to differentiate in Sensation of pain stimulus in terms of - pain threshold, pain tolerance, pain intensity, pain unpleasantness in females with normal menstruation during different phases through using cold presser test. Materials and Methods: A total of 55 normal healthy females were enrolled in the study as per the eligibility criteria. Cold presser test was used as a pain stimulus source. The participants were instructed to hold their least dominant hand in the water bath as long as possible and were requested to inform the first sensation of pain which denoted the participants’ pain threshold. Time from pain threshold to the point where participants could no longer cope with pain and indicate stop, was recorded as pain tolerance. At this point, participants were directed to note pain intensity and unpleasantness on the visual analogue scale. Results: The results showed that high significant pain intensity, pain unpleasantness, and pain tolerance level were highly significant during follicular phase than luteal phase. Conclusion: In our study, we concluded pain perception difference across during different phase of menstruation in the form of high significant pain intensity, pain unpleasantness, and pain tolerance during follicular phase due to the hormonal fluctuation and the differences in autonomic nervous system reactivity these would be the underlying mechanism for these findings.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: Cryotherapy is a technique that involves the application of low temperatures in the treatment of acute injuries, with ice being the simplest and oldest therapeutic modality for this. Objective: To compare two different cold water immersion protocols (standard and intermittent) on the ankle region of healthy volunteers, we analyzed changes in static postural stability, threshold, and pain tolerance immediately after application. Method: This is a quasi-experimental study, controlled clinical trial, and non-probabilistic sampling. The total sample consisted of 40 male patients aged 18 to 30 years. Two different cold water immersion protocols (standard and intermittent) were compared for their effects on pain threshold, tolerance, and static postural stability. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups with regards to the stabilometric variables after the application of both protocols (p > 0.05). There was a significant difference in the threshold and tolerance of the two groups after the application of cold water immersion (p < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Both cold water immersion protocols proved to be safe for static postural balance, without showing deficits in stabilometric variables. Regarding the analgesic effect, both were effective and significantly increased the threshold and tolerance of ankle pain after cryoimmersion, without any differences between groups. Thus, intermittent 10-minute cold water immersion is sufficient to generate the same analgesic effect as the standard 20-minute pattern, with no change in static postural stability.
Resumo Introdução: A crioterapia é uma técnica que consiste na aplicação de temperaturas mais baixas, sendo o gelo, a modalidade terapêutica mais simples e antiga no tratamento de lesões agudas. Objetivo: Comparar dois protocolos diferentes de crioimersão (padrão e intermitente) sobre a região do tornozelo de voluntários saudáveis, analisando as alterações na estabilidade postural estática e no limiar e tolerância à dor, imediatamente após a aplicação. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de natureza quasi-experimental, do tipo ensaio clínico controlado, com amostragem não probabilística. A amostra total foi constituída de 40 indivíduos do sexo masculino com idade entre 18 e 30 anos, comparando dois protocolos diferentes de crioimersão (padrão e intermitente) e seus efeitos sobre o limiar e tolerância à dor, e estabilidade postural estática. Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas em relação as variáveis estabilométricas após a aplicação de ambos os protocolos (p>0,05). Houve diferença significativa no limiar e tolerância dos dois grupos após a aplicação da crioimersão (p<0,05), entretanto sem diferenças significativas entre os grupos (p>0,05). Conclusão: Os dois protocolos de crioimersão se mostraram seguros com relação ao equilíbrio postural estático, sem apresentar déficits nas variáveis estabilométricas. Com relação ao efeito analgésico, ambos foram eficazes, aumentando significativamente o limiar e a tolerância de dor no tornozelo após a crioimersão, sem que houvesse diferenças entre os grupos. Dessa forma, percebe-se que a crioimersão intermitente de 10 minutos é suficiente para gerar o mesmo efeito analgésico que a padrão de 20 minutos, sem alteração na estabilidade postural estática.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Ankle Injuries , Cryotherapy , Postural Balance , Musculoskeletal Pain , Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as TopicABSTRACT
Objective] To assess the clinical efficiency of psychological care on the lumbar disc herniation in the early stage. [Methods] Patients of lumbar disc herniation were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Psychological care was used in experiment group and routine nursing was used in control group. Then through comparing the score of JOA with VAS to evaluate effect. [Result] After treatment, the scores of anxiety and depression were decreased more than control group(P<0.05), the score of JOA in experiment group was statistically significant higher than control group(P<0.05); the score of VAS was decreased, compared with control group(P<0.05). [Conclusion] The clinical efficiency of Psychological care on the patient of lumbar disc herniation in the early stage is effective and it is worthy of promotion and application for the future.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the primary motor cortex on sensory and pain perception. METHOD: We measured the current perception threshold and the pain tolerance threshold with Neurometer? CPT/C in 14 healthy subjects (eleven males and three females, mean age: 25.0 years). Threshold testing was evaluated prior to, immediately after, 30 min after and 60 min after rTMS. The stimulation parameters were a frequency of 10 Hz and a field intensity of 100% of the active motor thresholds. Stimuli were provided in trains of 100 pulses, followed by a 50s rest period, 10 trains were applied in the session, resulting in 1,000 pulses in total. RESULTS: The current perception thresholds of 5, 250, 2,000 Hz were significantly increased immediately, 30 min after rTMS (p<0.05) and no effects at all were noticed after sham rTMS. The pain tolerance thresholds of 5, 250 Hz were significantly increased immediately, 30 min after rTMS and the pain tolerance threshold of 2,000 Hz were significantly increased immediately, 30 min, 60 min after rTMS (p< 0.05). No effects at all were noticed after sham rTMS. CONCLUSION: After high frequency rTMS over the primary motor cortex, we found that the current perception thresholds and the pain tolerance thresholds of 5, 250, 2,000 Hz were significantly increased.